The Trump administration’s executive order touching national parks management has revived a long-running argument about public land governance in the United States — an argument that is older than the current political alignment and will outlast it. The tension between conservation as federal stewardship and land use as economic opportunity has structured Interior Department policy debates since Theodore Roosevelt established the modern framework in the early twentieth century. The National Park System as currently constituted covers roughly 85 million acres across more than 400 designated sites.